Although Hammurabi’s Code of Laws is one of the most famous collections of laws from the ancient world, it is certainly not the oldest. In fact, it is preceded by at least two other codes of laws, namely the Laws of Ur-Namma (c. 2100 B.C., Ur) and the Laws of Lipit-Ishtar (c. 1930 B.C., Isin). It may be pointed out these ancient Mesopotamian texts are not legal codes in the modern sense. Select a cookie and try your chance to win. It can be a boost for your progress in the game. Just push your luck to get the reward. PLAY OFFLINE OR PLAY ONLINE Play offline without wifi or internet. Or, Play online and backup your progress. Twitter: @hammurabigames Facebook: fb.me/kitchenfungame. Cool username ideas for online games and services related to Hammurabi in one place. This cute display name generator is designed to produce creative usernames and will help you find new unique nickname suggestions. Hamurabi Download (1999 Strategy Game) The great grand-daddy of all god games, HAMURABI puts the player in the shoes (well, sandals) of Hammurabi the Wise, ruler of ancient Sumeria.

Hammurabi’s Codes were a comprehensive set of 282 legal codes introduced by an 18th century BCE Babylonian king Hammurabi (reign – 1792 to 1750 BCE) in order to regulate trade, business transactions, as well as other social relationships in the ancient city-state of Babylon. Check out the article below to know about the origin story, summary and significance of the Code of Hammurabi.

Meaning of the Hammurabi Code

The Hammurabi Code encapsulates 282 legal codes that were used to basically govern the people of ancient Babylon during King Hammurabi’s reign. Written in the dominant language at the time, the Akkadian language, the code provided a legal framework for the exchange of goods and services in the ancient city-state of Babylon. Owing to the Code of Hammurabi, the standards for business dealings were known by all traders or merchants. Hammurabi’s Code had its set of punishments (mostly harsh punishments) to ward of potential breakers of the law. Enforcement of the codes was done in a fair and just manner.

Many historians have argued that the Hammurabi Code is in actual fact more of an anecdote of the judgements Hammurabi passed when faced with a situation. In the simplest of terms the codes could be compared to the English common law which derives its legal principles from cases and precedents.

Examples of the Code of Hammurabi

A very important point worth noting about the Hammurabi Code is the “lex talionis” doctrine (the “Law of Retaliation”). The doctrine simply translates into “an eye for an eye”. Hammurabi was one of the first ancient rulers to champion the doctrine meting out harsh physical punishment to certain criminals.

Many times, the “lex talionis” doctrine espoused very steep punishments (mostly bodily mutilations) for the culprit. Some of those punishments included scotching of the culprit’s tongue. In some cases, the guilty person could have his/her hands amputated for theft crimes. In cases of bearing false witness, the guilty person’s eye or ear is removed.

The stele of Hammurabi reveals that the death sentence was the most likely outcome if a person engaged in any one of about 28 crimes. Examples of those crimes included adultery, spell casting, and robbery.

Hammurabi’s Code about divorce and women’s rights

The total number of codes proclaimed by Hammurabi was 282. The codes encompassed issues from a wide range of areas in the society, from family, business, and administrative law. All the codes were proclaimed using the if-then format. The following are some major examples of the codes about trade, theft, murder, bearing false witness, and adultery:

If a person is proven to have stolen an ox, then he/she is slapped with a punishment of 30 times the value of the stolen ox.
If a doctor is found to have killed (i.e. due to medical malpractice) a rich member from the upper class, then the said doctor would have his have his hands severed off. However, if the deceased patient is from the slave class, then the doctor is required to pay a financial compensation to the family of the slave.
If a man damages the eye of another man, then the culprit shall have his eye destroyed. And if a person breaks another man’s bone, the bone of the culprit shall be broken (Law #196)
If someone is found guilty of theft/robbery, then he shall be sentenced to death (Law #22)
If a man gives false account or witness, then the man shall be put to death (Law #3)
If goods of a merchant is given to an agent, then the agent shall furnish the merchant a receipt for the amount and thereafter compensate the merchant. The merchant in turn shall give a receipt for the money he receives from the agent. (Law #104)

Circuit wizard 3 free. download full version. The Babylonian judges under the rule of Hammurabi steered away from pronouncing punishment until the accused was proven to be guilty. Thus the code established the innocent-until-proven-guilty principle (presumption of innocence).

Although, the codes and the underpinning principles were quite novel and just for its era, judgments were passed according to the guilty party’s status in the society. The Babylonian society had three main classes – the upper class, non-slaves and slaves. For example, a member from the upper class was required to pay 10 shekels (the silver coin used in ancient Babylon) to a doctor for the healing of a bad wound. However, the freedman paid 5 shekels. As for the slave, his/her bill was in the region of 2 silver shekels.

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Hammurabi Code about Adultery

The stele pillar that contains the Code of Hammurabi

Our current generation came to know of the Hammurabi’s Codes from the carvings on top a large black pillar, which was discovered in the early 1900s. The colossal slab, which is about seven feet tall (2.13 meters), weighs in at around four tons. The material of the slab is an intrusive igneous rock called diorite. Owing to its chemical properties, diorite does not easily lend itself to carving.

Izotope nectar 3 download. The slab has the 2.5-foot carving of a man standing, most likely Hammurabi. It shows Hammurabi receiving the codes from the Babylonian god of justice and truth, Shamash.

The codes were written (chiseled) into the slab using cuneiform writing, one of the earliest forms of writings in human history.

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Where was the stele found?

The city-state of Babylon at its peak was one of the most advanced, politically and socially, in the world. Today, the ancient city of Babylon is all submerged below a massive groundwater, leaving very little in terms of ruins. Over the years, however, a few clay pots and slabs from Hammurabi’s era have been discovered in the Persian region. Ableton live 10.1 patch dmg download free. As a matter of fact, it was around the Elamite capital of Susa that French archaeologist and mining engineer Jean-Jacques de Morgan (1857-1924) discovered the only surviving slab of Hammurabi. The spectacular finding was made in 1901. At the time that it was found, the slab was broken into three pieces.

Historians believe that the stele was part of several items looted by the Elamite king Shutruk-Nahhunte from Hammurabi’s descendants. Majority of the loot were sent to Susa. This incident probably occurred between the 10th and 12th century BCE.

Where can the Stele of Hammurabi be seen today?

After Jacques de Morgan spectacular discovery, the stele of Hammurabi was sent to the famous Parisian museum, the Louvre. Subsequently, historians and archaeologists embarked on the arduous task of translating the script. The process took about a year or so to complete. Once the text was brought to life, the Hammurabi became synonymous with legal codes. It is for this reason he is considered the foremost lawgiver of the ancient world.

Significance of the codes

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